Power device with self-aligned source regions

ABSTRACT

A field effect transistor (FET) includes a plurality of trenches extending into a silicon layer, each trench having upper sidewalls that fan out. Contact openings extend into the silicon layer between adjacent trenches such that each trench and an adjacent contact opening form a common upper sidewall portion. Body regions extend between adjacent trenches. Source regions that are self-aligned to corresponding trenches extend in the body regions adjacent opposing sidewalls of each trench, and have a conductivity type opposite that of the body regions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/884,072, filed Sep. 16, 2010, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/567,578, filed Sep. 25, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,799,636, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/049,996, filed Mar. 17, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,595,524, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/111,305, filed Apr. 20, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,344,943, which is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/442,670, filed May 20, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,916,745, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to semiconductor MOSFET technology and more particularly to a trench MOSFET having self-aligned features.

Power MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors) are well known in the semiconductor industry. One variety of power MOSFETs is the vertically-conducting trench MOSFET. A cross-section view of such a MOSFET is shown in FIG. 1. MOSFET 100 has trenches 111 each including a polysilicon gate 112 insulated from body regions 114 by a gate dielectric 110. Source regions 116 flank each side of trenches 111. Dielectric layer 120 insulates gates 112 from overlying metal layer 126. Substrate region 102 forms the drain of MOSFET 100.

When MOSFET 100 is biased in the on state, current flows vertically between source regions 116 and substrate 102. The current capability of MOSFET 100 in the on state is a function of the drain to source resistance (Rds_(on)). To improve the current capability of the MOSFET, it is necessary to reduce the Rds_(on). One way to reduce the Rds_(on) of the trench MOSFET is to increase the trench density (i.e., to increase the number of trenches per unit area). This may be achieved by reducing the cell pitch. However, reducing the cell pitch of MOSFETs is limited by the particulars of the MOSFET cell structure and the specific process recipe used to manufacture the MOSFET. Reducing the cell pitch is made further difficult by such limitations of the manufacturing process technology as the minimum critical dimensions the photolithography tools are configured to resolve, the minimum required spacing between different cell regions as dictated by the design rules, and the misalignment tolerances.

The different dimensions that determine the minimum cell pitch for trench MOSFET 100 are shown in FIG. 1. Dimension A is the minimum trench width the photolithography tools are configured to resolve, dimension B is the minimum contact opening the photolithography tools are configured to resolve, dimension C is the minimum trench-to-contact spacing dictated by the design rules, and dimension D is the contact registration error tolerance or contact misalignment tolerance. The minimum cell pitch for MOSFET 100 thus equals A+B+2C+2D. Reduction of any of these dimensions without complicating the process technology is difficult to achieve.

Thus, a new approach wherein the cell pitch of the trench MOSFET can be reduced without increasing the process complexity is desirable.

SUMMARY

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor device is formed as follows. An exposed surface area of a silicon layer where silicon can be removed is defined. A portion of the silicon layer is removed to form a middle section of a trench extending into the silicon layer from the exposed surface area of the silicon layer. Additional exposed surface areas of the silicon layer where silicon can be removed are defined. Additional portions of the silicon layer are removed to form outer sections of the trench such that the outer sections of the trench extend into the silicon layer from the additional exposed surface areas of the silicon layer. The middle section of the trench extends deeper into the silicon layer than the outer sections of the trench.

In another embodiment, a gate electrode partially filling the trench to below the outer sections of the trench is formed.

In another embodiment, the silicon layer comprises a body region. Impurities are implanted to form a first region in the body region. The first region extends along a surface of the body region and directly below the outer sections of the trench.

In another embodiment, a dielectric layer extending only across a top surface of the trench is formed. Exposed silicon is removed until: (i) of the first region, only portions located substantially directly below the outer sections of the trench remain, the remaining portions of the first region forming source regions of the semiconductor device, and (ii) a surface area of the body region becomes exposed.

In another embodiment, a sidewall of the dielectric layer is exposed. The exposed sidewall of the dielectric layer together with an exposed sidewall of each source region forms a sidewall of a contact opening for contacting the body region and source region.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor device is formed as follows. A masking layer is formed over a silicon layer. The masking layer has an opening through which a surface area of the silicon layer is exposed. The silicon layer is isotropically etched through the masking layer opening so as to remove a bowl-shaped portion of the silicon layer. The bowl-shaped portion has a middle portion along the exposed surface area of the silicon layer and outer portions extending directly underneath the masking layer. The outer portions of the removed silicon layer which extend directly underneath the masking layer form outer sections of a trench. Additional portions of the silicon layer are removed through the masking layer opening so as to form a middle section of the trench which extends deeper into the silicon layer than the outer sections of the trench.

In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor device is formed as follows. A plurality of trenches is formed in a silicon layer. A first region of a first conductivity type is formed in the silicon layer. An insulating layer filling an upper portion of each trench is formed. Exposed silicon is removed until at least: (i) an edge of the insulating layer in each trench is exposed, and (ii) of the first region, only a portion adjacent each trench sidewall remains. The remaining portion of the first region adjacent each trench sidewall forms a source region of the semiconductor device.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor device comprises a trench in a silicon layer. A source region is in the silicon layer adjacent each sidewall of the trench. The trench sidewalls are shaped along the silicon layer such that the trench sidewalls fan out near the top of the trench to extend directly over at least a portion of each source region.

In another embodiment, a gate electrode partially fills the trench but overlaps each source region along the trench sidewalls. An insulating layer substantially fills a remaining portion of the trench over the gate electrode. A sidewall of the insulating layer in the trench together with a sidewall of a corresponding source region form a sidewall of a contact opening through which contact is made at least with the source region.

In another embodiment, a body region is adjacent each trench sidewall, and the body regions are of opposite conductivity type to that of the source regions. A metal layer contacts the body regions and the source regions through the contact opening.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor device comprises a plurality of trenches in a silicon layer. An insulating layer fills an upper portion of each trench. A source region is in the silicon layer adjacent each trench sidewall such that a sidewall of each insulating layer together with a sidewall of a corresponding source region forms a contact opening between every two adjacent trenches.

The following detailed description and the accompanying drawings provide a better understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a cross-section view of a conventional trench MOSFET;

FIGS. 2A-2K show cross-section views at different stages of manufacturing a trench MOSFET in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of cell pitch reduction on Rds_(on);

FIGS. 4A and 4B show an alternate method for forming trenches in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 5 is an exemplary cross-section view corresponding to that in FIG. 2K, and is provided to show a more accurate representation of the contours of the trenches in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with the present invention, a structure and method for forming a trench MOSFET having self-aligned features which result in cell pitch reduction without increasing the process complexity are disclosed. In one embodiment, trenches are formed in an epitaxial layer in such manner that the trench sidewalls fan out near the top of the trench over source regions. An insulating layer formed along a top portion of each trench together with the source regions defines the contact openings between adjacent trenches for contacting the source and body regions. This structure and method of forming the trenches leads to a MOSFET which has source regions and contact openings self-aligned to the trenches. This in turn enables the 2D portion of the cell pitch of prior art MOSFET 100 (FIG. 1) to be eliminated and the dimension B to be reduced to thus obtain a reduced cell pitch without introducing any process complexities

FIGS. 2A-2K are cross-section views at different stages of manufacturing a trench MOSFET in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 2A, a lightly doped N-type epitaxial layer 204 extends over a highly-doped N-type substrate 202. A layer of a material which is resistant to silicon etch having a thickness in the range of 2,000-10,000 Å is formed over epitaxial layer 204. In one embodiment, an oxide layer having a thickness of about 5,000 Å is used. Using a masking step, predefined portions of the layer of material resistant to silicon etch are removed so that only regions 206 remain. In the embodiment wherein an oxide layer is used, conventional dry or wet etch may be used to remove the predefined portions of the oxide layer.

In FIG. 2B, a first silicon etch is carried out to form a mid-section 208 of a plurality of trenches. The spacing between regions 206 defines the width of mid-section 208 which is in the range of 0.2-2.0 μm. Mid-section 208 extends from the exposed surface areas of epitaxial layer 204 to a depth in the range of 0.5-3.0 μm. In one embodiment, the width and depth of mid-section 208 are about 0.35 μm and 1.0 μm, respectively. Conventional methods for etching silicon, for example, reactive ion etching (REI), may be used to form mid-section 208 of the trenches.

In FIG. 2C, portions of regions 206 are removed to expose additional surface areas 207 of epitaxial layer 204. Smaller regions 206 a having a thickness in the range of 1,000-9,000 Å thus remain. In the embodiment where regions 206 are from oxide, regions 206 are isotropically etched so that smaller oxide regions 206 a having a thickness of about 2,500 Å remain.

In FIG. 2D, a second silicon etch is carried out to remove portions of epitaxial layer 204 along its exposed surfaces to thereby form outer sections 208 b of the trenches. As shown, mid-section 208 a extends deeper than outer sections 208 b. Outer sections 208 b extend from surface areas 208 b of epitaxial layer 204 to a depth in the range of 0.1-1.0 μm. In one embodiment, the depth of outer sections 208 b is about 0.4 μm. Note that the second silicon etch also removes silicon from along the bottom of the mid-section 208 though it is not necessary to do so. As with the first silicon etch, conventional methods for etching silicon, for example, reactive ion etching (REI), may be used for the second silicon etch.

While FIGS. 2A-2D show one method for forming trenches having a deep mid-section and shallow outer sections, the invention is not limited to this particular method. For example, an alternate method for forming trenches having similar physical characteristics is shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. After forming isolated regions 206 of for example oxide or photoresist, as in FIG. 2A, an isotropic silicon etch is carried out so that openings 203 are created in epitaxial layer 204 between adjacent regions 206 as shown in FIG. 4A. The isotropic etch removes silicon from under regions 206 as shown. Next, keeping regions 206 intact, a conventional silicon etch is carried out to form deeper mid-sections 203 a of the trenches as shown in FIG. 4B. As can be seen, each trench has a deep mid-section 203 a and shallow outer sections 203 b extending under regions 206.

Referring back to FIGS. 2A-2K, in FIG. 2E, remaining regions 206 a may optionally be removed at this stage of the process. An insulating layer 210 is then formed along the surface of epitaxial layer 204 using conventional methods. Sidewalls of the trenches are thus coated with insulating layer 210. Insulating layer 210 has a thickness in the range of 50-1,000 Å. In one embodiment, insulating layer 210 is a gate oxide having a thickness of about 400 Å.

Next, using conventional polysilicon deposition techniques, a polysilicon layer 212 having a thickness in the range of 1,000-15,000 Å is deposited over insulating layer 210 to fill the trenches. In one embodiment, polysilicon layer 212 has a thickness of about 5,500 Å and is doped with impurities. In yet another embodiment, prior to forming polysilicon layer 212, a thick insulating layer is formed along the bottom of the mid-section 208 a of the trenches. This advantageously reduces the gate capacitance of the MOSFET.

In FIG. 2F, polysilicon layer 212 is etched back to form gates 212 a in mid-section 208 a of the trenches. Polysilicon layer 212 is etched back such that its upper surface is recessed below the outer sections 208 b of the trenches. This insures that no polysilicon is left in the outer sections 208 b of the trenches which may otherwise short the gate to the source and also block the source and body implants carried out later in the process. However, the extent to which the polysilicon layer 212 is etched back must be carefully controlled to insure that at least a portion of the gate overlaps with the source regions formed in later steps. Conventional polysilicon etching techniques may be used to etch back polysilicon layer 212.

P-type body regions 214 are then formed in epitaxial layer 204 between adjacent trenches by implanting P-type impurities such as boron. The P-type implant is symbolically shown by arrows 218 which indicate that no mask is needed. Body regions 214 extend into epitaxial layer 204 to a depth primarily dictated by the target channel length. Next, highly-doped N-type regions 216 are formed in body regions 214 by implanting N-type impurities such as arsenic or phosphorous. N-type regions 216 extend along the top surface of body regions 214 and directly below outer sections 208 b of the trenches. The N-type implant is symbolically shown by arrows 219 which indicate that no masking is needed for this implant either. Conventional ion implantation techniques may be used for both implant steps.

In FIG. 2G, a dielectric layer 220, such as BPSG, is formed over the entire structure using conventional techniques. Dielectric layer 220 has a thickness in the range of 2,000-15,000 Å. In one embodiment, the thickness of dielectric layer 220 is about 8,000 Å. Next, a conventional dielectric flow step is carried out to obtain a planar surface as shown in FIG. 2H.

Dielectric layer 220 a is then etched until silicon is reached as shown in FIG. 2I. After the dielectric etch, dielectric regions 220 b which are fully contained in the trenches remain while surface areas of N-type regions 216 are exposed.

In FIG. 2J, a conventional silicon etch is carried out to form contact openings 222. Sufficient amount of silicon is removed so that along with the upper portion of N-type regions 216 a top layer of body regions 214 is also removed. This insures that: (i) a top surface of body regions 214 a becomes exposed so that contact can be made to body regions 214 a, (ii) of N-type region 216, source regions 216 a separated by body regions 214 a remain, and (iii) sidewall areas of source regions 216 a become exposed so that contact can be made to source regions 216 a. In FIG. 2K, metal layer 226 is deposited to contact body regions 214 a and source regions 216 a. Before metal 226 is deposited, a layer of heavily doped P-type region 224 may optionally be formed along the top surface of body regions 214 a using conventional ion implantation techniques. The heavily doped region 224 helps achieve an ohmic contact between metal 226 and body region 214 a. As shown, metal layer 224 is insulated from gates 212 a by the dielectric layer 220 b extending along the top surface of each trench.

Referring back to FIG. 2J, the silicon etch carried out to form contact openings 222 exposes portions of insulating layer 210 extending along the sidewalls of outer sections 208 b of the trenches. As can be seen, the exposed portions of insulating layer 210 together with the exposed sidewall area of source regions 216 a advantageously define contact openings 222 between adjacent trenches. Thus, with no masking steps used in forming either source regions 216 a or contact openings 222, source regions 216 a and contact openings 222 which are self-aligned to the trenches are formed.

Because source regions 216 a and contact openings 222 are self-aligned to the trenches, the need to account for contact misalignment as in conventional techniques (dimension D in FIG. 1) is eliminated. Furthermore, the contact openings (dimension B in FIG. 1) can be made smaller than the photolithography tools are typically configured to resolve. Thus, not only the 2D term is eliminated from the minimum cell pitch A+B+2C+2D of the conventional trench MOSFET in FIG. 1, but the term B can be made much smaller. For the same process technology, a much smaller cell pitch is therefore obtained without increasing the process complexity.

The small cell pitch results in an increase in the number of trenches per unit area which in turn has the desirable effect of lowering the Rds_(on). This is more clearly shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of cell pitch reduction on Rds_(on). The vertical axis represents Rds_(on) and the horizontal axis represents the cell pitch. The numbers along the vertical axis are merely illustrative and do not reflect actual values of Rds_(on). Two curves are shown with the upper curve corresponding to a gate-source bias of 4.5V and the lower curve corresponding to a gate-source bias of 10V. For the same process technology, the self-aligned features of the present invention result in a reduction of the cell pitch from 1.8 μm to 1.0 μm. This cell pitch reduction results in about a 30% reduction in Rds_(on) in the case of 10V biasing and about a 25% reduction in the case of 4.5V biasing.

The cross-section views in FIGS. 2A-2K are merely illustrative and are not intended to limit the layout or other structural aspects of the cell array. Furthermore, these figures may not accurately reflect the actual shape of all the various regions as they would appear in an actual device. FIG. 5 is an exemplary cross-section view corresponding to that in FIG. 2K, and is provided to show a more accurate representation of the contours of the trenches in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Because of the small dimensions of some of the regions and the effects of such processing steps as temperature cycles, a rounding of many of the corners occurs during processing. As a result, the trenches appear Y-shaped as shown in FIG. 5 rather than T-shaped as shown in FIG. 2K. However, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to a particular shape of the trenches.

While the above is a complete description of the embodiments of the present invention, it is possible to use various alternatives, modifications and equivalents. For example, the process steps depicted in FIGS. 2A-2K are for manufacturing an N-channel MOSFET. Modifying these process steps to obtain an equivalent P-channel MOSFET would be obvious to one skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. Similarly, modifying the process steps to obtain other types of semiconductor devices such as insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) would be obvious to one skilled in the art in light of the above teachings.

Also, body region 214 (FIG. 2F) may be formed earlier in the processing sequence. For example, in FIG. 2A, prior to forming regions 206, P-type impurities may be implanted into epitaxial layer 204 or a P-type epitaxial layer may be grown over epitaxial layer 204. Similarly, N-type regions 216 (FIG. 2F) may be formed earlier in the processing sequence. For example, a blanket implant of N-type impurities may be carried out to form a highly-doped N-type region in the body region before forming the trenches. The highly-doped N-type region however needs to extend deeper into the body region than that depicted in FIG. 2F so that after the trenches are formed, at least a portion of the N-type region extends below the outer sections of the trenches. Also, a deeper silicon etch would be required in FIG. 2J in order to reach a surface of the body region.

In a further variation, epitaxial layer 204 may have a graded doping concentration rather than a fixed doping concentration, or may be made of a number of epitaxial layers each having a different doping concentration, or may be eliminated all together depending on the design goals. Moreover, the trenches may extend clear through epitaxial layer 204 and terminate within substrate 202.

Therefore, the scope of the present invention should be determined not with reference to the above description but should, instead, be determined with reference to the appended claim, along with their full scope of equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A field effect transistor (FET), comprising: a trench extending into a silicon layer, the trench having an upper sidewall that fans out; a contact opening extending into the silicon layer adjacent the trench such that the trench and the contact opening form a common upper sidewall portion; a body region adjacent the trench; and a source region extending in the body region, the source region having a conductivity type opposite that of the body region, the source region being self-aligned to the trench, a majority of the source region being disposed below the common upper sidewall.
 2. The FET of claim 1, further comprising a metal layer extending into the contact opening and contacting a sidewall of the source region.
 3. The FET of claim 1, wherein an entirety of the source region is disposed below the common upper sidewall.
 4. The FET of claim 1, wherein the common upper sidewall together with a sidewall of the source region define a sidewall of the contact opening.
 5. The FET of claim 1, further comprising: a gate electrode recessed in the trench; a gate dielectric insulating the gate electrode from the body region; and a dielectric region extending in the trench over the gate electrode.
 6. The FET of claim 5, wherein the dielectric region has at least a portion that is fully contained within the trench, and a sidewall of the at least a portion of the dielectric region together with a sidewall of the source region define a sidewall of the contact opening.
 7. The FET of claim 5, wherein the dielectric region has at least a portion that: (a) is fully contained within the trench, and (b) defines an upper portion of a sidewall of the contact opening.
 8. The FET of claim 5, wherein the dielectric region has a portion that: (a) is fully contained within the trench, and (b) extends directly over at least a portion of the source region.
 9. The FET of claim 1, wherein the contact opening is self-aligned to the trench.
 10. A field effect transistor (FET) comprising: a trench extending through a body region and terminating within an epitaxial layer below the body region, the trench having an upper portion wider than a lower portion of the trench; a gate electrode disposed in the lower portion of the trench, the upper portion substantially being disposed above a top surface of the gate electrode; a contact opening extending into the body region adjacent the trench such that the trench and a contact opening adjacent the trench define a common upper sidewall, the common upper sidewall being above an upper surface of the body; and a source region of a conductivity type extending in the body region adjacent a sidewall of the trench.
 11. The FET of claim 10,. further comprising a metal layer extending into the contact opening and contacting a sidewall of the source region.
 12. The FET of claim 10, wherein the common upper sidewall together with a sidewall of the source region define a sidewall of the contact opening.
 13. The FET of claim 10, wherein the upper portion has a portion that extends directly over at least a portion of the source region.
 14. The FET of claim 10, further comprising: a gate dielectric insulating the gate electrode from the body region; and a dielectric region extending over the gate electrode.
 15. The FET of claim 14,. wherein the dielectric region has at least a portion that is fully contained within the trench, a sidewall of the at least a portion of the dielectric region together with a sidewall of the source region define a sidewall of the contact opening.
 16. The FET of claim 10, wherein the gate electrode is recessed in the trench below the upper portion.
 17. An apparatus, comprising: a trench disposed in a silicon layer, the trench having an upper sidewall portion that fans out; a gate electrode disposed in the trench; a contact opening defined, at least in part by, the upper sidewall portion, the upper sidewall being disposed substantially above a bottom surface of the contact opening; and a source region in contact with at least a portion of the upper sidewall portion.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the upper sidewall portion is disposed directly over at least a portion of the source region.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the gate electrode has a top surface that is recessed in the trench below the upper sidewall portion.
 20. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising: a body region adjacent the trench, the source region being disposed in the body region and having a conductivity type opposite a conductivity type of the body region. 